Revision Notes for Chapter 3 The Making of Global World Class 10 History
CBSE NCERT Revision Notes1
Introduction
Answer
Globalisation is an economic system associated with the free movement of goods, technology, ideas and people across the globe.
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Section I: Pre Modern World
Answer
This section deals with the condition of world before the nineteenth century. How trade was going on and connecting the world?3
Silk Routes
Answer
• There are several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
→ Famous Chinese silk cargoes used to travel through these routes.
→ Famous Chinese silk cargoes used to travel through these routes.
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Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
Answer
• Noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
• Common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered Americas.
• Common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered Americas.
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Conquest, Disease and Trade
Answer
• Precious metals from mines of Peru and Mexico enhanced European trade with Asia.
• The Spanish conquerors used the germs of smallpox in the conquest of America.
• Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries.
• Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
• The Spanish conquerors used the germs of smallpox in the conquest of America.
• Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries.
• Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
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Section II: The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
Answer
• In the late eighteenth century, growth in the population increased the demand for food grains in Britain.
• The imported food into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
• Industrial growth took place in Britain which led to higher incomes meaning more food imports.
• It was transported by railway and by ships.
• Food is only an example. Products such as cotton, rubber, coal also had same fate.
• The imported food into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
• Industrial growth took place in Britain which led to higher incomes meaning more food imports.
• It was transported by railway and by ships.
• Food is only an example. Products such as cotton, rubber, coal also had same fate.
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Role of Technology
Answer
• The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions that transformed nineteenth-century world.
• After the introduction of new technology, namely, refrigerated ships animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat.
• After the introduction of new technology, namely, refrigerated ships animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point and then transported to Europe as frozen meat.
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Late nineteenth-century Colonialism
Answer
• European conquests of Asia and Africa as colonies.
• Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers.
• The US became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain.
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Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
Answer
• Rinderpest is a fast spreading cattle plague which hit Africa in the late 1880s.
• It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia and destroyed 90 percent of the livestock.
• The colonial governments now strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
• It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia and destroyed 90 percent of the livestock.
• The colonial governments now strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
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Indentured Labour Migration from India
Answer
• Indentured Labour was a bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer.
• In the nineteenth century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world.
• Recruitment was done by agents by providing false information about the work and location.
• On arrival at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions harsh.
• It was abolished in 1921.
• In the nineteenth century, thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world.
• Recruitment was done by agents by providing false information about the work and location.
• On arrival at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions harsh.
• It was abolished in 1921.
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Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
Answer
• Indian entrepreneurs, some bankers like Nattukottai and Chettiars financed export of agriculture to Central and South-East Asia.
→ They even followed the Europeans to Africa.
• Industrial Revolution in England changed the balance of trade between England and India.
• Indian handicraft and agriculture were destroyed and Britain enjoyed a trade surplus with India.
→ Their exports increased and imports decreased.
→ They even followed the Europeans to Africa.
• Industrial Revolution in England changed the balance of trade between England and India.
• Indian handicraft and agriculture were destroyed and Britain enjoyed a trade surplus with India.
→ Their exports increased and imports decreased.
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Section III: The Inter-war Economy
Answer
• The First World war was the first modern industrial war.
• During the war, industries were restructured to produce war-related goods.
• The war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.
• During the war, industries were restructured to produce war-related goods.
• The war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.
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Post-war Recovery
Answer
• After the war was over, the production reduced and unemployment increased.14
Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
Answer
• In the US, war recovery was quicker.
• ‘Assembly line’ method introduced by Henry Ford soon spread to the US and were also widely copied in Europe in the 1920s.
• Mass production lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods.
• There was a housing and consumer boom in the 1920s, which ultimately led to the Great Depression of 1929.
• Markets crashed in 1929 and led to the failure of banks and the crisis affected other countries.
→ By 1933, over 4000 banks closed and between 1929-32 about 110,000 companies collapsed.
• ‘Assembly line’ method introduced by Henry Ford soon spread to the US and were also widely copied in Europe in the 1920s.
• Mass production lowered the costs and prices of engineered goods.
• There was a housing and consumer boom in the 1920s, which ultimately led to the Great Depression of 1929.
• Markets crashed in 1929 and led to the failure of banks and the crisis affected other countries.
→ By 1933, over 4000 banks closed and between 1929-32 about 110,000 companies collapsed.
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India and the Great Depression
Answer
• India was also affected by the Great Depression.
• Indian exports and imports declined extensively, prices fell.
• Bengal jute growers suffered the most.
• Large scale migration took place from villages to towns and cities.
• Indian exports and imports declined extensively, prices fell.
• Bengal jute growers suffered the most.
• Large scale migration took place from villages to towns and cities.
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Section IV: Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
Answer
• The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the end of the First World War and once again, it led to destruction.
• After the USA and the USSR emerged as superpowers.
• After the USA and the USSR emerged as superpowers.
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Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions
Answer
• To ensure a stable economy a framework was agreed upon at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
• It established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance post-war reconstruction.
• The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.
• Bretton Woods System was based on a fixed exchange rate.
• National currencies were pegged to the American dollar at a fixed rate.
• Decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers largely by the US.
• It established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance post-war reconstruction.
• The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.
• Bretton Woods System was based on a fixed exchange rate.
• National currencies were pegged to the American dollar at a fixed rate.
• Decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers largely by the US.
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Decolonisation and Independence
Answer
• Many countries in Asia and Africa became independent nations, supported by UNO and NAM.
• Group of 77 or G-77 was organised by developing countries to demand a new international economic order (NIEO) which would give these countries real control over their national resources, raw materials, manufactured goods in their markets.
• MNCs or multinational companies were established in the 1950s and 1960s and operated in several countries.
• Group of 77 or G-77 was organised by developing countries to demand a new international economic order (NIEO) which would give these countries real control over their national resources, raw materials, manufactured goods in their markets.
• MNCs or multinational companies were established in the 1950s and 1960s and operated in several countries.