Important Questions for Chapter 3 The Making of Global World Class 10 History
Important Questions1
Which problems are common in Europe until the nineteenth century?
Answer
Hunger and Poverty are common problem in Europe until the nineteenth century.
VSAQ
2
Which disease proved deadly killer for America’s original inhabitants?
Answer
The disease named smallpox proved deadly killer for America’s original inhabitants.
VSAQ
3
What is meant by ‘Corn Laws’?
Answer
The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the ‘Corn Laws’.
VSAQ
4
What do you mean by ‘Indentured Labour’?
Answer
Indentured Labour is a bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
VSAQ
5
What happened after the Corn Laws were abolished?
Answer
After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
VSAQ
6
What was Rinderpest?
Answer
Rinderpest is a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague that had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy in Africa during 1890s.
VSAQ
7
What does the flow of labour mean?
Answer
The flow of labour mean the migration of people in search of employment.
VSAQ
8
What do you mean by G-77?
Answer
G-77 was a group formed by the developing countries to demand a new international economic order.
VSAQ
9
On what the Bretton Woods system was based on?
Answer
Bretton Woods system was based on fixed exchange rates. In this system, national currencies, for example the Indian rupee, were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate. The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.
VSAQ
10
What is meant by the term ‘Tariff’?
Answer
Tariff is a tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. These are levied at the point of entry, i.e., at the border or the airport.
VSAQ
11
Which are the countries that were considered as Axis Powers during the Second World War?
Answer
Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy.
VSAQ
12
What do you mean by ‘Exchange Rates’?
Answer
Exchange rates link national currencies for purposes of international trade. There are broadly two kinds of exchange rates: fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.
VSAQ
13
Which were the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants?
Answer
The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji.
VSAQ
14
What was the time period of the Great Depression?
Answer
The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s.
VSAQ
15
Which method was used by the Henry Ford to increase the car production?
Answer
Henry Ford used ‘assembly line’ method to increase the car production as it forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously.
VSAQ
16
What is the International Monetary System?
Answer
The international monetary system is the system linking national currencies and monetary system.
VSAQ
17
What does the word ‘America’ describe?
Answer
The word ‘America’ used to describe North America, South America and the Caribbean.
VSAQ
18
Name the ‘Bretton Woods’ twins.
Answer
The two international banks, The IMF and the World Bank, set up to finance post-war reconstruction are the ‘Bretton Woods’ twins.
VSAQ
19
What do you mean by ‘Silk Routes’?
Answer
Silk routes refers to the network of routes connecting Asia with Europe and Northern Africa.
VSAQ
20
Which inventions transformed the nineteenth century world?
Answer
The railways, steamships and the telegraphs were inventions transformed the nineteenth century world.
VSAQ
21
Which city was known as the fabled ‘city of gold’?
Answer
El Dorado, a city in South America was known as the fabled ‘city of gold’.
VSAQ
22
What was the aim of post-war international economic system?
Answer
The aim was to preserve economic stability and full employment in industrial world.
VSAQ
23
Which food travelled to West from China to be called Spaghetti?
Answer
Noodles.
VSAQ
24
What were Canal Colonies?
Answer
The semi-waste areas of Punjab, after being irrigated by new canals, began to be called canal colonies.
VSAQ
25
What does IBRD stands for?
Answer
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
VSAQ
26
What was Rastafarianism?
Answer
Rastafarianism was the protest religion which is reflected social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.
VSAQ
27
Which two countries were among the world’s richest until the 18th century?
Answer
China and India.
VSAQ
28
Name the technology which enabled the transportation of perishable foods over long distances.
Answer
Refrigerated ships.
VSAQ
29
What is the meaning of ‘cultural fusion’? Give two examples.
Answer
Cultural fusion is a process under which two or more than two cultures intermingle and produce a new culture. Hosay and Chutney are two examples of cultural fusion.
VSAQ
30
What do you mean by NIEO?
Answer
NIEO meant a system that would give G-77 countries real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
VSAQ
31
Why did most of the TVs, mobile phones and toys made in China?
Answer
Because of the low-cost structure of the Chinese economy, most importantly its low wages.
VSAQ
32
According to which famous economist, Indian gold exports promoted global economic recovery?
Answer
John Maynard Keynes
VSAQ
33
Which was the world’s first mass produced car?
Answer
The T-Model.
VSAQ
34
Name the movement launched by Gandhiji during the Great Depression of 1929.
Answer
Civil Disobedience Movement.
VSAQ
1
‘Silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.’ Examine the Statement.
Answer
• Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
• Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia.
• In return, precious metals such as gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
SAQ
2
Mention any three effects of the British Government’s decision for the abolition of the Corn Laws.
Answer
• Food could be imported into Britain at much cheaper rate than it would be produced within the country.
• British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were left uncultivated and people started migrating to cities or other countries.
• As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore more food imports.
SAQ
3
‘Nineteenth Century indenture has been described as a new system of slavery.’ Explain any three points.
Answer
• Agents did convince migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions.
• Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.
• On arrival at the plantations, labourers found living and working conditions harsh, and there were few legal rights.
SAQ
4
In what ways did food items offer scope for long distance cultural exchange? Explain.
Answer
• Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
• It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
• Arabs traders took pasta to fifth-century Sicily, an island now in Italy.
• Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors and were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
SAQ
5
Why were Europeans attracted to Africa in the late 19th century? Give any three reasons.
Answer
• Europeans were attracted due to the resources of land and minerals of Africa.
• They came to Africa to establish plantations and exploit mines.
• African countries were militarily weak and backward. So, it was easy to conquer them.
SAQ
6
State three reasons why Europeans fled to America in the 19th century.
Answer
• Poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
• Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
• Religious conflicts were common, and religious dissenters were persecuted.
SAQ
7
What role did technology play in shaping the nineteenth century world?
Answer
• Important inventions such as railways and steamships, the telegraph boosted the economic growth in 19th century.
• Colonization stimulated new investments and improvements in transport.
• Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.
SAQ
8
Explain the role of New International Economic Order (NIEO).
Answer
The Group of 77 or G-77 demanded a New International Economic Order (NIEO). NIEO meant a system that would give them:
• Actual control over their natural resources.
• More development assistance.
• Fairer prices for their raw materials.
• Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
SAQ
9
Describe briefly the effects of Rinderpest in Africa in the 1980s.
Answer
• The loss of cattle affected African livelihoods.
• Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market.
• Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.
SAQ
10
Write any three factors responsible for indentured labour migration from India.
Answer
Factors responsible for indentured labour migration from India:
• In the mid-nineteenth century many regions in India experienced many changes such as decline in cottage industries, increase in land rents, lands were cleared for mines and plantations which affected the lives of the poor, they failed to pay their rents, became deeply indebted and were forced to migrate in search of work.
• The agents tempted the prospective migrants by providing false information about final destinations, modes of travel, the nature of the work, and living and working conditions.
• Sometimes agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.
SAQ
11
In what ways did food items offer scope for long distance cultural exchange? Explain.
Answer
• Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
• Arabs traders took pasta to 5th century Sicily, an island now in Italy.
• Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes and so on were not known to our ancestors.
SAQ
12
When was the Bretton Woods conference convened? State the main aim of the conference.
Answer
• The Bretton Wood Conference was convened in July, 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, U.S.A.
• Its main aim was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.
• The conference established International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).
SAQ
13
What steps were taken by the economists and politicians of the world to meet the global economic crisis that arose after the Second World War?
Answer
• Bretton Woods Conference established IMF to deal with external surplus and deficit of its members.
• The World Bank was set up to finance post-war reconstruction.
• The Indian rupee, were pegged to the dollar at a fixed exchange rate.
• The dollar itself was anchored to gold at a fixed price of $35 per ounce of gold.
SAQ
14
Why did the demand of foodgrains increase in England in the 19th century?
Answer
• From late 18th century, the population of England grew rapidly and the demand for foodgrains increased.
• Urban centres expanded and industries grew in the country at this time. Due to this, the demand for agricultural products and the prices of foodgrains rose.
• British agriculture was unable to compete with cheap imported foodgrains. Thus, the prices of foodgrains fell and consumption of foodgrains in England increased.
SAQ
15
Why did most of the developing countries organise themselves as a group - the Group of 77 (G-77)?
Answer
• The developing countries came under the guidance of international agencies which were dominated by the former colonial powers in order to uplift their economies.
• Even after many years of decolonisation, the former colonial powers still controlled vital resources such as minerals and land in many of their former colonies.
• The developing nations organised themselves into G-77 so as to gain real control over their natural resources, to get more development assistance and fairer prices for raw materials.
• They also wanted a better opportunity for their manufactured goods in the markets of developing nations.
SAQ
16
Mention three reasons for the creation of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
Answer
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
• The World Bank was set up to finance post-war reconstruction.
• They were focused to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries.
• As Europe and Japan rapidly rebuilt their economies, these institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries.
SAQ
17
Why did MNCs begin to shift their production centres to Asian countries? What were its effects?
Answer
• MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages.
• Availability of raw materials and a large market.
• It stimulated world trade and flow of capital. Countries like India, China and Brazil undergone rapid economic transformation.
SAQ
1
Explain the effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on the United States.
Answer
• With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression, the US banks also slashed domestic lending and called back loans.
• Farmers were unable to sell their harvests.
• Faced with falling income, many households in the US could not repay what they had borrowed, and were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables.
• Many factories closed down due to lack of work. Between 1929 and 1932, about 1,10,000 companies had collapsed.
• Workers were thrown out of employment. As a result, unemployment, hunger and poverty increased. In USA, the number of unemployed rose to 10 million.
• Banks were unable to recover investments, collect loans and repay depositors. Thousands of banks became bankrupt. By 1933, nearly 4000 banks were shut down.
LAQ
2
Explain how did the abolition of Corn Laws in Britain led to the emergence of a global agricultural economy?
Answer
• After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
• As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose. From the mid-nineteenth century, faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more food imports.
• In Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia, lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.
• To meet the needs to transportation and housing, capital flowed from financial centres such as London.
• Thus by 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, accompanied by complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology.
• Food no longer came from a nearby village or town, but from thousands of miles away and grown by an agricultural worker.
LAQ
3
What was Rinderpest? How did it adversely affect the lives and fortunes of the Africans?
Answer
Rinderpest was a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague which had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy of Africa. It affected the Africans in following ways:
• Rinderpest moved like forest fire.
• Along the way rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle.
• The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Thus, they were forced to work for wages.
• Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.
LAQ
4
Critically examine the expansion of trade facilities in the 19th century.
Answer
• In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods.
• Late 19th century Europeans conquest brought about many destructive economic, social and ecological changes in the colonies.
• In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy.
• The example of indentured labour migration from India provided faster economic growth as well as great misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others.
• This also led to technological advances in some areas and new forms of coercion in others.
LAQ
5
Why have the historians described the 19th century indenture as a new system slavery. Explain five reasons.
Answer
• Agents tempted the poor people by giving false information about the nature of work, living and working conditions, final destinations modes of travel.
• Sometimes, agents even forcibly abducted less willing migrants.
• On arrival at the plantations, labourers found conditions to be different from what they had imagined.
• Living and working conditions were harsh, and there were few legal rights.
• They were beaten or imprisoned for not being able to meet tasks that used to be very heavy or for running away from the plantation areas.
LAQ
6
How did the Great Depression of 1929 affect the Indian trade? Explain.
Answer
• India’s exports and imports were halved between 1928 and 1934.
• As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.
• Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers.
• Peasants producing for the world market were the worst hit.
• Town-dwelling land owners and middle-class salaried employees found themselves better off as everything cost less.
LAQ
7
Describe any five factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods System and the beginning of globalization.
Answer
• The US dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the world’s principal currency. It could not maintain its value in relation to gold. This led to the collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and the introduction of a system of floating exchange rates.
• The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. International financial system changed, and developing countries were forced to borrow from western commercial banks.
• Industrial world was hit by unemployment. The number of unemployed started rising and people trudged long distances looking for any work they could find.
• MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labour and low wages.
• China became an attraction destination for investment by foreign MNCs.
LAQ
1
What were the steps taken by the British in west Punjab to meet their food requirements?
Answer
• The British Government built a network of irrigation canals to convert semi-desert wastelands into fertile agricultural areas where wheat and cotton could be grown for export.
• The 'canal colonies' were settled by the farmers from other parts of Punjab.
HOTS
2
How can you say that the First World War was the first modern industrial war?
Answer
• The First World War was the first modern industrial war as it saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft and chemical weapons on a massive scale.
• New forms of warfare and artillery were devised.
• There were vast developments in military aviation and warfare.
• These were manufactured in the advanced industries of Europe.
• Thus, the First World War was the first modern and industrial war on such a wide scale.
HOTS