NCERT Solutions for Chapter 3 The Making of Global World Class 10 History
Book Solutions1
Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer
Two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century are:
• Example from the Americas: America had an abundant wealth of crops, minerals and precious metals like gold and silver. The Europeans enhanced their wealth from utilising the rich resources of gold and silver.
• Example from Asia: China exported pottery and silk to India and Southeast Asia in exchange of textile goods and spices.
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2
Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer
By the mid-sixteenth century, the Portuguese and Spanish had started the conquest and colonisation of the Americas. Spanish conquerors used germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person. The original inhabitants of Americas had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Before the discovery of America, it had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years. Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.
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3a
Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Answer
After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated, and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work. They moved to the cities or migrated overseas.
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3b
Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
Answer
The rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. It arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west like forest fire, reaching Africa’s Atlantic coast in 1892. It reached Africa’s southernmost tip five years later. Along the way rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
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3c
Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
Answer
In First World War, most of the killed and injured were men of working age. In Europe, there was a reduce in the able-bodied workforce due to the deaths and injuries of the war. This led to the decline in the household incomes as the number of the people reduced in the family.
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3d
Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
Answer
Between 1928 and 1934, there was a reduce in Indian imports and exports by nearly half. It had a major impact on the Indian economy, which led to the Great Depression. Wheat prices too fell by 50% during this time. The agricultural sector was badly hit by the Great depression compared to the urban areas, as it dominated the livelihoods in rural lands.
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3e
Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer
There was a stimulation of world trade capital flow due to the decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries. This relocation was on account of the low-cost structure and lower wages in Asian countries. There was an increase in employment, which benefitted the Asian nations and also resulted in a major economic transformation.
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4
Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer
• Railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
• Refrigerated ships, which enabled the transport of perishable foods such as meat butter and eggs over long distances.
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5
What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer
• Bretton Woods Agreement was signed between the world powers in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA.
• The main aim was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.
• The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to finance postwar reconstruction. The IMF and the World Bank are referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions or sometimes the Britton Woods twins.
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1
Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.
Answer
Respected Family,
I hope all of you are fine there. I have signed a contract that I will work for five years at a plantation and then return to India. I had thought that it would help us to escape poverty and oppression of the village. However, the contract was a fraud and these are not allowing me to return. The living conditions at the plantations are tough. We have to work for 14 long hours and have almost no rights. Workers can’t go on leave to meet the family to nearby villages without permission. Permission is hardly given. Most of the workers here belong to Bihar, central India and the dry regions of Tamil Nadu. There are few legal rights given to us. However, we have developed new art forms for expression.
Your Loving,
ABC
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2
Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Answer
The three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange are:
(i) Flow of trade: mean trade in goods such as cloth or wheat.
(ii) Flow of labour: mean the migration of people to new areas in search of work.
(iii) Flow of capital: short-term and long-term loan to and from other nations.
Examples of the involvement of India and Indians in each type of flow are:
(i) India had trade relations with several countries of the world since many centuries, Nearly five thousand years ago, the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation carried on international trade with other prosperous regions such as Mesopotamia.
(ii) In the nineteenth century, hundreds of Indian indentured labourers migrated to other countries to perform labour in mines, plantations and construction projects.
(iii) During the British rule in India, several Europeans established their factories in India. As a result, the flow of capital involving India and the European countries began.
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3
Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Answer
• The problem began with the agricultural overproduction, which got worse by the falling of food grain prices. Due to the fall in prices, the agricultural incomes declined. Farmers began expanding their production and bringing, even more, produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes. This worsened the glut in the market, pushing down prices even further.
• Most of the countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were wary about the same. As they decreased the amount of loans, the countries which were economically dependent on the US loans faced an acute crisis.
• In Europe, it led to the failure of some major banks and the currencies collapsed. The USA import duties were doubled in order to protect its economy. All these factors played a major role in causing the Great Depression.
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4
Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer
G-77 countries is a group of developing countries that demanded a new international economic order (NIEO); By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins as:
• Since the IMF and the World Bank have been established by the developed countries, decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers. The developing countries have no say in these institutions.
• The economies of developing countries were handicapped by long phases of colonial rule. The IMF and the World Bank were set up to meet the financial needs of the industrialised countries. G-77 was created to cater the needs of developing nations.
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