Assertion-Reason of Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 History
Important Questions1
Direction
Answer
Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
2
Assertion: The activities and campaigns of Jacobin Clubs prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.
Reason: With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
Answer
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
When the news of the revolutionary events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
3
Assertion : Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Reason : The north was under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Answer
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs and the southern regions were under the domination of The Bourbon kings of Spain.
4
Assertion : Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.
Reason : Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
Answer
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. The year 1848 was a year when rise in food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. Earlier in 1845, a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages and led a revolt.
5
Assertion : Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
Reason : Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic and the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground.
Answer
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
6
Assertion : Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
Reason : They were closely bound to each other inspite of their autonomous rule.
Answer
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Diverse people lived within the territories. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were no close ties binding them.
7
Assertion : Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
Reason : Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Answer
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
8
Assertion : On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted in the Frankfurt parliament.
Reason : The elected representatives revolted against the issue of extending political rights to women.
Answer
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Therefore, both assertion and reason are false.
9
Assertion : From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices like the idea of la patrie and le citoyen.
Reason : This was done to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. From the very beginning, the French Revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that would create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The centralized administrative system was one of the measures taken for making uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
10
Assertion : In first half of the nineteenth century, most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
Reason : Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
Answer
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
11
Assertion : The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
Reason : The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country.
Answer
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
This situation refers to the unification of Britain, Assertion refers to Scotland and how they suffered because of the long-drawn-out process. Their culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. However, the reason refers to how the Irishmen suffered in the hands of Englishmen as it was a country deeply divided between the Catholics and Protestants. It was largely a Catholic country but the Protestants got support from the English to suppress the Catholic revolts. It does not explain the assertion.
12
Assertion : In the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.
Reason : Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
Answer
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.
13
Assertion (A): Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian minister.
Reason (R): Other Prussian measures and practices became a model for other parts of Germany.
Answer
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification of Germany. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.
14
Assertion (A): The Chancellor of Prussia and main architect for the unification of Germany who believed in the policy of 'Blood and Iron' was Otto von Bismarck.
Reason (R): The ruler of Prussia during the unification of Germany was Kaiser William I.
Answer
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.15
Assertion (A): Giuseppe Mazzini worked with the conservatives for the monarchy.
Reason (R): Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
Answer
(d) A is false and R is true.Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. It could not be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
16
Assertion (A): During the years following 1818, the fear of repression drove many liberal- nationalists underground.
Reason (R): Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
Answer
(d) A is false and R is true.During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
17
Assertion (A): On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted in the Frankfurt parliament.
Reason: The parliament was dominated by the middle class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.
Answer
d) A is false and R is true.On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.