NCERT Solutions for Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Class 9 History
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• Social Conditions: 85% of Russia's population was agriculturist. The industry was existent, but rarely in which most of was privately owned. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. They mainly migrated to cities for employment in factories. The peasant community was deeply religious but did not care much about the nobility. They believed that land must be divided amongst themselves.
• Economic Condition: Russia was going through bad period economically. Prices of essential good rises while real wages decreased by 20% leading to the famous St.Petersburg strike. This strike started a series of events that are together known as the 1905 Revolution. During this revolution, there were strikes all over the country, universities closed down, and various professionals and workers established the Union of Unions, demanding the establishment of a constituent assembly.
• Political Condition: Political parties were illegal before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas. In 1903, this party was divided into two groups - Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, who were in majority, were led by Lenin who is regarded as the greatest thinker on socialism after Marx.
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February Revolution:
• 22nd February: Factory lockout on the right bank took place,
• 25th February: Duma was dissolved.
• 27th February: Police Headquarters ransacked. Regiments support the workers. Formation of Soviet.
• 2nd March: The Tsar abdicated his power. The Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia.
The February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy, and thus, gained a significant place in Soviet history. Trade Unions grew in number.
October Revolution:
• 16th October: A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by Soviet.
• 24th October: The uprising against provisional government begins. Military Revolutionary Committee controls the city by night and ministers surrender. The Bolshevik gained power.
The October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his subordinate, Trotskii and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin's rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance.
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• Banks and Industries were nationalised.
• Land was declared social property, thereby allowing peasants to seize it from the nobility.
• In urban areas, houses were partitioned according to family requirements
• Old aristocratic titles were banned, and new uniforms were designed for the army and the officials.
• New uniforms were introduced for the army and the officials.
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